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Baiame Cave, Milbrodale

Aboriginal sites of New South Wales consist of a large number of places in the Australian state of New South Wales where it is still possible to see visible signs of the activities and culture of the Australian Aboriginals who previously occupied these areas.

These sites are comparable with the petroglyphs of Native Americans and the Rock Art found elsewhere in Australia, but are not restricted to rock carvings. Many of the sites are on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.^[1]

History and description[edit]

The Aboriginal Australians arrived in the north of Australia around 50,000 years ago. Sites over 22,000 years old have been found in the Blue Mountains area west of Sydney, while sites going back 40,000 years exist at Lake Mungo.^[2] There are some thousands of known sites, many but not all located in national parks. Some sites are also found in more suburban settings; rock carvings can be seen in the Sydney suburbs of Bondi and Tamarama.

Their art was part of day-to-day life and would normally have had a purpose. One such purpose is thought to have been what some people call 'wish fulfilment magic'—or sympathetic magic—in which the act of creating the magical work is thought to bring about the event depicted in the work. For example, a hunting scene—a common subject in rock carvings—would be aimed at bringing about the desired reality of good hunting.^[3]

There were also many artworks that were created for specific ceremonial purposes and which were not intended to last after the ceremony was over.^[4] In addition to such themes, there were also works of a more secular nature, which could be created for a number of reasons, including the instruction and entertainment of children.

There are substantial variations in the character of art developed in different parts of New South Wales. Art in the western part of the state could be very different from the art created in coastal areas. Aboriginal sites in the state are administered by the National Parks and Wildlife Service of New South Wales. All known sites are recorded on the register known as the Aboriginal Heritage Information Management System (AHIMS), which is run by the National Parks and Wildlife Service.^[5]

There is generally a policy of protecting Aboriginal sites, although a small number of sites are publicised. Notable examples are those at the Basin Track, Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, and the Bulgandry site, Brisbane Water National Park. However, most sites are not publicised, and restricted sites (colloquially known as sacred sites) will never be made public. If anyone thinks they have a legitimate reason for wanting to inspect sites that are not normally available to the public, they can apply to AHIMS for permission.

The sites are of many different types, for example:

Paintings
Rock carvings
Charcoal drawings
Shell middens
Shield trees
Restricted sites

Rock carving, Bantry Bay, Garigal National Park
Shield tree, Bullawarring Track, Heathcote National Park
Charcoal drawing, Myuna Creek, Heathcote National Park
Rock carving, Bulgandry, Brisbane Water National Park
Rock carvings, North Bondi, New South Wales
Mundoes, North Bondi, New South Wales
Grinding grooves, Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site, Wentworth Falls
Hand stencils, Red Hands Cave, Blue Mountains National Park
European imitation, Grotto Point, Sydney Harbour National Park

Paintings cover a wide range of subjects, both spiritual and secular. Coloured pigmentation was created with ochre (giving a red/orange colour), charcoal (for a black pigmentation) and ash (for grey pigmentation). One good example is the rock shelter popularly known as Baiame's Cave, at Milbrodale, with paintings depicting a large figure that may be Baiame, the Sky Father.

Rock carvings, also known as petroglyphs or Rock Engravings, are of a style known as 'simple figurative', which conventional archaeological thinking dates to the last 5000 years. Other engravings show Europeansailing ships, and so cannot be more than about 200 years old. Thus we are left with a date range of 5000–200 years ago. It is likely that some of the freshest engravings represent the later part of that time range, whilst the most worn represent the earliest part. However, the situation is complicated by the fact that we know the engravings were sometimes 're-grooved' during ceremonies. Carvings could be very large. In some carvings, the figure of Baiame the Sky Father could be eighteen metres tall.^[6]

In addition to pictorial carvings, there are many grinding grooves, caused by grinding stone implements on a rock surface to shape them and give them an edge. Areas like Sydney and the Blue Mountains have many rock carvings because they predominantly consist of sandstone (known as Hawkesbury sandstone), which is a very suitable surface for rock carvings. See Sydney Rock Engravings for the main article on these.

Hand stencils can often be found in rock shelters and caves, which have given them protection from the elements over the years. They were created by placing the hand on a rocky surface and blowing pigmentation around it, leaving the silhouette of the hand on the rock. There is often a number of them in one place. The best-known example is Red Hands Cave, in the Blue Mountains National Park, which has many stencils, including those created by children as well as adults.^[7]

Charcoal drawings were exactly that: drawings executed with a piece of charcoal. Like the rock carvings, they could be of a wide range of subjects, with animals often featured.

Shell middens developed in occupation sites where shell fish were consumed. Over the years, layers of shells would build up, creating a concentration of many shells in the soil around the occupation site.

Shield trees are seen occasionally in the Sydney bush. A substantial piece of bark would be cut out of a tree and used as a shield or tray. A visible 'scar' was thus left behind, which could vary considerably in size, some being quite large.

Restricted areas (otherwise known as sacred sites) are usually of a spiritual nature and were restricted to adult males and, in some cases, women. These sites could include ceremonial sites, bora grounds, men's sites and women's birthing sites.

Occupation sites and sacred sites[edit]

It is necessary to distinguish between occupation sites and sacred sites, a subject about which there is often great confusion. Many people think that all Aboriginal sites are 'sacred sites', but the reality is more complex. Before white settlement, most indigenous sites were occupation sites, which were used by all members of a tribe. Sacred sites, on the other hand, were restricted to adult males, except for certain women's sites. In more recent times, all indigenous sites have become known as sacred sites; those that were previously known as sacred sites are now known as restricted sites.

Imitations[edit]

It is worth noting that there are many imitation sites, in which Europeans created imitations of Aboriginal art, usually in the form of rock carvings. One of the most prominent examples is a large carving of a kangaroo alongside a walking track at Grotto Point, in the Sydney Harbour National Park. This has been known for some time to be an imitation (or fake, as some would say).^[8]

Examples[edit]

Appletree Aboriginal Area, 75 kilometres north-west of Newcastle. A group of rock shelters with hand stencils and paintings of human figures. Listed on the Register of the National Estate.^[9]
Baiame Cave, Milbrodale. A large rock shelter with paintings of a human figure plus objects like boomerangs. Listed on the Register of the National Estate.^[9]
Bondi Golf Course, North Bondi. Contains a group of rock carvings. (A nearby group of carvings is thought to have been done by Portuguese sailors in the 18th century.)
Brisbane Water National Park, Central Coast. The park contains many Aboriginal sites, notable Bulgandry on the Woy Woy Road, with many rock carvings.^[10]
Garigal National Park, Sydney. A large group of rock carvings is located near Bantry Bay.^[11]
Heathcote National Park, south of Sydney. Various sites are known, including a shield tree west of the Bullawarring Track, adjacent to an occupation cave, plus a group of charcoal drawings alongside Myuna Creek.^[12]
Kings Tableland Aboriginal Site, Wentworth Falls. A rocky knoll is topped by a group of large grinding grooves, plus carved images of wallaby and emu tracks. On the eastern side of the hill there is an occupation cave.
Koonadan Historic Site, a Wiradjuri ceremonial and burial site in the Riverina region of southern NSW.^[13]
Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park, north of Sydney. Contains many sites, notably those along the Basin Track, the Echidna Track, the Cowan Track and the Red Hand Track.^[14]
Mootwingee Aboriginal Site, western New South Wales. Secure waterholes made this an area for Aboriginal life. Contains galleries of paintings and carvings. On the Register of the National Estate.^[15]
Mungo National Park, western New South Wales, contains the oldest known remains of humans in Australia, dating back 40,000 years, plus artifacts, tools, fireplaces and hearths.^[16]
Muogamarra Nature Reserve, Hawkesbury River area, contains numerous sites including carvings and grinding grooves.
Mutawintji Historic Site, north-east of Broken Hill, contains excellent collection of rock art. Access is restricted to guided tours.^[17]
Mutawintji National Park, north-east of Broken Hill, contains galleries of rock art and paintings.^[17]
Red Hands Cave, Blue Mountains National Park, outside Glenbrook, contains large collection of hand stencils.
Stonewoman Aboriginal Area, Inverell area, features Tingha Stonewoman rock formation, a teaching and ceremonial site.^[18]
Tamarama, Sydney. A large carving of a whale and fish is located beside the path from Bondi Beach to Tamarama.
Wollemi National Park, north of the Blue Mountains, contains many Aboriginal sites, notably at Eagles Reach Cave, discovered by bushwalkers in 1995.^[19]

References[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aboriginal Australians.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Petroglyphs in Australia.

^Heritage of Australia, Macmillan Publishers, 1981, pp.50-67
^2003 Guide to NSW National Parks (National Parks and Wildlife Service) 2003, p.59
^Aboriginal Art of Australia, Barbara Mullins (Mulavon Pty Ltd) 1986, p.8
^Aboriginal Art of Australia, p.33
^AHIMS website:Retrieved 17 September 2009
^Aboriginal Art of Australia, p.11
^Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks, Neil Paton (Kangaroo Press) 2004, p.170
^Walks in the Sydney Harbour National Park, Neil Paton (Kangaroo Press) 1987, p.31
^ ^a^bHeritage of Australia, p.2/211
^2003 Guide to NSW National Parks, p.32
^Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks, p.57
^Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks, p.132
^'Koonadan Historic Site: Plan of management'(PDF). NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service (PDF). Government of New South Wales. September 1996. ISBN0-7310-0855-3. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
^2003 Guide to NSW National Parks, p.35
^Heritage of Australia, Macmillan Publishers, 1981, p.2/290
^2003 Guide to NSW National Parks, p.59
^ ^a^b2003 Guide to NSW National Parks, p.60
^2003 Guide to NSW National Parks, p.17
^2003 Guide to NSW National Parks, p.40

Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aboriginal_sites_of_New_South_Wales&oldid=909886541'

(Redirected from New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs)

Aboriginal Affairs NSW
Agency overview
Formed	1 January 1982 (Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs) 4 April 2011 (Aboriginal Affairs NSW)
Preceding agencies	Department of Aboriginal Affairs (1995–2011) Office of Aboriginal Affairs (1988–1995) Bureau of Aboriginal Affairs (1988) Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs (1982–1988)
Headquarters	201 Coward Street, Mascot, Sydney
Ministers responsible	Hon. Rob Stokes MP, Minister for Education Hon. Sarah Mitchell MLC, Minister for Aboriginal Affairs
Agency executive
Parent agency	Department of Education
Key documents	Aboriginal Land Rights Act, 1983 (NSW) Aboriginal Housing Act, 1998 (NSW)
Website	aboriginalaffairs.nsw.gov.au

Aboriginal Affairs NSW (AA) is an agency of the Department of Education in the Government of New South Wales. Aboriginal Affairs is responsible for administering legislation in relation to NSW's policies that support indigenous Australians and advising the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, the Hon. Leslie Williams MP (Nationals).

1History

History[edit]

Early administrative period[edit]

The first body of the NSW Government specifically dealing with Aboriginal affairs was the Board for the Protection of Aborigines, which followed practice of 'protection' taken by the Australian colonies when it was established by an Executive Council minute of 2 June 1883. The Board had six members appointed by the Governor, with the Inspector-General of Police serving ex officio as chairman. The board was reconstituted by the Aborigines Protection Act, 1909, which took effect on 1 June 1910 and was placed under the supervision of the Colonial Secretary and his Department (from 1959 the Chief Secretary), with its stated purpose being 'to exercise a general supervision and care over all matters affecting the interest and welfare of Aborigines, and to protect them against injustice, imposition and fraud'. The Board was dissolved and the Aborigines Welfare Board was constituted under the Aborigines Protection (Amendment) Act, 1940, which commenced on 14 June 1940.^[1] The Board, like its predecessor, had power over the administration and placement of Aboriginal communities, the education of Aborigines and their general welfare. The Board was dissolved on 2 June 1969 by The Aborigines Act, 1969 and was replaced by the Aborigines Welfare Directorate, within the Department of Child Welfare and Social Welfare (Department of Youth and Community Services from 1 February 1974).^[2]

The Directorate was abolished on 1 July 1975, with most of its functions being transferred to the Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs. The remaining state responsibilities were then transferred to the new Aboriginal Services Branch which operated within the Department of Youth, Ethnic and Community Affairs (renamed Department of Youth and Community Services from 14 May 1976).^[3]^[4]

Ministerial period[edit]

The first Minister for Aboriginal Affairs, Frank Walker, was appointed by the Labor Government of Neville Wran on 2 October 1981 and a Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs was established on 1 January 1982. The ministry had responsibilities for advising the Government on 'how and where land rights for Aboriginal people might be granted' and for the provision of services to Aboriginal communities.^[5] On 15 April 1988, the Ministry was abolished and its responsibilities were transferred to the new Bureau of Aboriginal Affairs within the Premier's Department. The Bureau was renamed to the Office of Aboriginal Affairs by June 1988 and was charged with the administration of the Aboriginal Land Rights Act, 1983 (NSW) and the administration of Aboriginal Land Councils.^[6] On 1 July 1993, the Office of Aboriginal Affairs was established as an administrative office independent of the Premier's Department responsible to the Minister for Aboriginal Affairs.^[7] On 6 April 1995 the Office was abolished and was transferred to the Department of Aboriginal Affairs. On 1 July 2009 the Department was abolished as an independent body and was subordinated to the new Department of Human Services. On 4 April 2011, the Department was renamed Aboriginal Affairs NSW and was transferred to the Department of Education and Communities within the Office of Communities. In July 2015 the Office of Communities was abolished but Aboriginal Affairs remained within the parent Department of Education.^[8]